IHF FOCUS: torture, ill-treatment and police
misconduct; judicial system and detainees' rights; prisons and detention
facilities; right to privacy; intolerance, xenophobia and racial
discrimination; asylum seekers.
Despite
the repeatedly expressed commitment of the German government to rank human
rights highly on its agenda, no marked improvements were initiated in 2003.
Ill-treatment by the police remained worrisome, the restrictions on detainees'
rights and the living conditions in prisons fell short of international human
rights standards. The right to privacy was restricted by numerous measures
which were intended to make the fight against organized crime more effective.
The activities of right-wing extremists were high on the agenda, especially as
government programs against right-wing extremism were restricted by austerity
measures.
The
situation of asylum seekers and refugees did not improve as political agreement
on a new immigration law could not be reached. The European Committee for the
Prevention of Torture (CPT) visited
The
Finally,
Notwithstanding,
human rights received political attention. For example, the Committee on Human
Rights and Humanitarian Assistance of the Lower House of Parliament (Bundestag) organized a hearing on
Islamic law and human rights and the German president, on his trip to
The
CPT published its report on
Concerning
fundamental safeguards against ill-treatment, the CPT criticized that criminal
suspects apprehended by the police in cases of imminent danger (bei Gefahr im Verzug) did not have the
formal right to inform a close relative or a third party of their choice until
they were brought before a judge. Additionally, criminal suspects who were
apprehended by the police did not have access to a lawyer from the moment of
their arrest. As the risk of ill-treatment is highest immediately after
apprehension, this lack of fundamental safeguards against police misconduct was
worrisome.[4]
In
2003, several cases of ill-treatment and misconduct by law enforcement
officials were pending in court. As there was no special representative for
human rights in the Ministry of Interior, it was difficult to follow up on
measures taken to investigate allegations of ill-treatment and police
misconduct.
Additionally, according to the German Section of Amnesty International, many
cases of ill-treatment did not become public as criminal proceedings were
expensive, chances of securing successful conviction remote and counter-charges
because of civil disorder by the accused police officers widespread. Moreover,
foreign nationals who were exposed to ill-treatment did often not know about
their rights.[5]
·
On 25 July, the District County of Cologne found six
police officers guilty of having beaten a 31-year-old man to death and gave
them suspended sentences of up to one year and four months. Upon his arrest,
the detainee had put up strong resistance and he had been ill-treated by police
officers during transportation and while in detention. He fell into coma and
died two weeks afterwards as a result of severe brain injuries.[6]
·
At the Hamburg District Court, (Amtsgericht) three police officers were sentenced to a one-year
suspended prison term. The judge concluded that the accused had ill-treated two
undercover police officers during a demonstration in
·
In
The
CPT report also mentioned two cases of disproportional use of firearms. In
2002, firearms against suspected criminals were used 42 times which was a
notable decrease from previous years (2001: 68; 2000: 52). Yet, six people died
because of the use of firearms by police officers. [9]
In
the spring, an intense public debate arose about whether any circumstances
would justify the use of torture. On
Judicial System and Detainees' Rights
In
the first trial linked to the terrorist attacks of
The
The
debate on extended imprisonment of sex offenders was highly emotional. Its
supporters proposed that it should be possible to keep sex offenders
incarcerated after serving a sentence even without a reservation in their
original verdict. In addition, the prime minister of
Prisons
in
Material
conditions of detention facilities in police establishments were sometimes poor
or even very poor. The CPT reported that during its visit to Frankfurt am Main
in 2000, its representatives had visited dirty, dilapidated or badly ventilated
and/or lit cells. Moreover, the cells were often too small: for example, two
people were held in a 2.8 m² cell. In addition, mattresses, blankets and basic
hygiene products were lacking.[15]
In
April, the Public Prosecutor's Office in
Cases
of suicide in German prisons gave reason for concern:[17]
On
the pretext of stepping up crime prevention and security measures, the right to
privacy and the protection of individual freedom were restricted and police
powers were expanded. Moreover, the Lower House of Parliament failed to pass a
law granting every citizen the right to inspect his/her records.[19]
The
police and the Federal Border Police were vested with extensive rights to
control and monitor terrorist suspects. The methods that were used, such as
screening and empowering the police to check and compare personal data
registered in electronic databases (Rasterfahndung),
were hardly successful. The right of the Federal Border Police to carry out
inspections without any suspicion on trains and at railway stations and
airports all over the country was extended by the Lower House of Parliament.[20]
Hesse’s government planned to extend the
rights of the police in three ways: by giving them the right to search suspects
by means of DNA testing, by allowing them to use the ”IMSI-Catcher” to localize
mobile phones and by permitting a deliberate fatal shot. In
Rhineland-Palatinate, a bill was launched to allow video-surveillance of public
locations, to use screening methods not only in the fight against terrorism but
also in the fight against organized crime and to tap telephones to prevent
criminal activities. The latter measure was adopted as law in
Phone
tapping remained a serious problem, with the number of intercepted calls
increasing from 4,674 in 1995 to 21,874 in 2002. Yet, this number did not
contain telephone tapping by the Federal German Intelligence Service (Bundesnachrichtendienst). According to a
report by the Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law,
existing laws were often not applied adequately. For example, police failed to
inform individuals about their tapped phone calls following interception, and
many examining magistrates checked requests for phone tapping only
superficially.[22]
In
March, the
Video
monitoring of public places became widespread to combat terrorism and other
crimes. After a bomb was found at the railway station in
Intolerance, Xenophobia and Racial Discrimination
Anti-Semitism
and xenophobic comments in public debates caused concern. A deputy of the Lower
House of Parliament was excluded from the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
after he delivered a speech with anti-Semitic elements on
According
to a survey by the University Bielefeld, almost 52 % of the German population
supported anti-Semitic attitudes and almost 22 % were convinced that Jews
living in
Moreover,
several offences against Jewish institutions were reported: for example,
graveyards were desecrated and memorial places destroyed.[29]
The threat by extreme right-wing groups became obvious when in September, plans
by an extremist group were uncovered to blast an explosive device during the
inauguration of a Jewish community center in
Offences
by right-wing extremists, including indiscriminate acts of violence, continued.
The
Despite
the setback in the NPD case, police and courts proceeded against extreme
right-wing groups. In October, the police arrested leading members of the
group, Combat-18. Combat-18 was involved in arms-trade between extremist
groups, planned attacks on politicians and was under suspicion of having
desecrated a Jewish graveyard. In December, the Supreme Court of Justice Berlin
(Kammergericht) sentenced the
songwriter of the Neo-Nazi band, Landser,
to three years and four months in prison for incitement to violence against
Jews and foreigners and for defamation of the Constitution. Other members of
the group received suspended sentences.[34]
While
civil society programs to combat right-wing extremism were considered useful,
public funding was very limited and only allowed short-term action. For
example, the Miteinander association, which established a network for democracy
and tolerance, was due to be dissolved in April 2004 because of a lack of
public funding. Permanent networks between young people, their parents and
teachers to fight right-wing extremism could not be established. Additionally,
there was no proper evaluation mechanism for such programs. In a similar vein,
governmental programs aimed at promoting tolerance also lacked solid funding. [35]
German
right-wing extremists increasingly used the Internet to spread their ideas.
Already in 2002, there were about 1,000 Internet pages maintained by German
right-wing extremists and it appeared that their number was on a steady rise.
The web was not only used to inform on current events but also to co-ordinate
meetings, mobilize adherents and recruit new members, especially young people.[36]
On
the positive side, the government signed a treaty with the Central Organisation
of the Jews (Zentralrat der Juden) to
consolidate and promote Jewish life in
Asylum Seekers
In 2003,
50,563 individuals sought political asylum in
The
Ministry of Interior in
With respect to European negotiations on
the right to asylum, the government belatedly accepted, in March 2003, that
victims of non-state persecution should be regarded as refugees, a status not
legally guaranteed on the national level. Yet, a negative step was taken when
the German government pushed through its proposition to allow children to
reunite with their family only until the age of 12 while other European
countries favored a higher age limit.
In
addition,
On
the national level, the main problems encountered by asylum seekers in
German legislation
did not provide asylum on grounds of persecution by non-state actors or sexual
violence, and laws on refugees remained in contravention of the Geneva
Convention and article 3 of the ECHR (prevention of torture and ill-treatment).
In addition, special regulations for hardship cases were not implemented. The
legal status of rejected asylum seekers, those who were not granted political
asylum but could not return to their home country, was not sufficiently
regulated (”Duldung”). In 2003,
approximately 100,000 people without permanent right to stay had been living in
The work of asylum
officers caused concern:
·
In Cloppenburg, an asylum officer faked the place of
birth and the address of a rejected African asylum seeker to make his
deportation possible. Yet, neither
·
In
The airport asylum
procedure continued to raise concern. All asylum seekers who arrived in
The daily life of
asylum seekers was restricted as they were not allowed to leave their
administrative district without permission (Residenzpflicht).
The law concerning providing them with
goods was very restrictive (Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz).
The need for medical care was in some cases hardly fulfilled and housing in
collective camps was a psychological and physical burden. Moreover, it was not
obligatory to give refugees legal advice on the asylum procedure.[46]
Pre-deportation
custody remained a problem. Detainees were held for up to 18 months and they
often had no, or very limited, access to legal advice.[47]
In its report from March 2003, the CPT noted allegations of the use of
excessive force against foreign nationals and the use of sedatives by police
officers and the Federal Border Police when removal orders were executed,
methods which went beyond acceptable measures.
In
June, the deportation of 60 people to Kosovo failed because the United Nations
Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) did not give the airplane permission to land and it
had to return to
The
In
August, the UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) declared an individual appeal
filed from
Medical
doctors and psychologists demanded better medical treatment and better living
conditions for victims of torture and ill-treatment during the asylum
procedure. As the duration of an applicant's stay was mostly uncertain,
long-term therapies were not possible. In addition, the prohibition to work and
living in collective camps caused psychological deterioration of the
traumatized asylum seekers.[51]
Living
conditions of child soldiers who sought asylum in
[1] Prepared by Wolfgang Büttner for the German
[2] UN High Commissioner on Human Rights,
”Reporting Status of Treaties. Overdue by Country,” at www.unhchr.ch/TBS/doc.nsf/newhvoverduebycountry?OpenView&Start=63&Count=15Expand=66#66;
”Reporting Status of Treaties. Submitted by Country,” at www.unhchr.ch/TBS/doc.nsf/ newhv
submittedbycountry?OpenView&Start=62&Count=15&Expand=65.3#65.3; ”Status by Treaty. CAT-OP-Non State
Parties,” at www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/Statusfrset?OpenFrameSet;
and ”Status of Ratifications CRC-OP-AC, ” at www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/treaties/status-opac.htm;
UN
Committee on the Rights of the Child, ”Second Periodic Reports of States
Parties due in 1999. Germany”, 24 July 2003, at www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/32881780cf4f861cc1256e040035da4b/$FILE/G0343231.pdf; Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Kampagne gegen Diskriminierung,” 17 June 2003.
[3] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
”Ich habe die richtigen Worte zur richtigen Zeit gesprochen,” 15 September 2003
and ”Ein großer Tag,” 10 November 2003; Deutscher Bundestag, ”Öffentliche
Anhörung zum Thema Islamisches Recht und Menschenrechte,” press release, 23
September 2003, at www.bundestag.de/presse/presse/2003/pz_0309233.html; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Der Islam als Vorwand,” 24 October 2003.
[4] CPT, Report
to the German Government on the visit to Germany carried out by the European
Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment from 3 to 15 December 2000, Strasbourg 2003, p. 15-18 and 21-22,
at www.cpt.coe.int/documents/ deu/2003-20-inf-eng.pdf.
[5] Amnesty
International, Back in the Spotlight.
Allegations of Police Ill-treatment and Excessive Use of Force in Germany,
January 2004, at http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR230012004.
[6] Amnesty
International, Concerns in
[7] Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Codewort 'Mondlicht' schützte nicht,” 19 July 2003 and
”Immer Ärger mit Trautvetter,” 22 December 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Alle für einen, drei auf zwei,” 15 July 2003
and ”Bewährungsstrafen für prügelnde
Polizisten,” 15 July 2003.
[8] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
”Kleine Meldungen,“ 28 June 2003 and ”Kleine Meldungen,” 10 July 2003; Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Letzte Ausfahrt
im Streifenwagen,” 5 December 2003.
[9] Council of Europe, Report to the German Government on the visit to Germany carried out by
the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment from 3 to 15 December 2000, Strasbourg 2003, p. 15,
at www.cpt.coe.int/documents/deu/2003-20-inf-eng.pdf; Otto Diederichs,
”Polizeiliche Todesschüsse 2002,” in Bürgerrechte
und Polizei/CILIP 75 (2003) 2, pp. 81-84.
[10]Der Tagesspiegel, ”Folter in bestimmten Fällen erlaubt,” 20 February
2003; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
”Der Staat im Notstand”, 22 February 2003, ”Koch: Daschners Verhalten
menschlich sehr verständlich,” 24 February 2003 and ”Einiges deutet auf eine
Anklage im Fall Daschner hin,” 8 November 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Aus Menschlichkeit schmerzen angedroht,” 24
February 2003 and ”Ermittlung gegen Polizeipräsidenten,” 30 July 2003;
Deutscher Bundestag, ”Menschenrechtsausschuss: Folterverbot gilt absolut,”
press release, 13 March 2003, at www.bundestag.de/presse/presse/ 2003/pz_030313.html; Amnesty International, Concerns in Europe and Central Asia, January - June 2003. Germany,
June 2003, pp. 32-33, at http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGEUR010162003?open&of=
ENG-DEU; Heiner Busch, ”Rechtsstaatlich geregelte Folter?” in Bürgerrechte und Polizei/CILIP, 70
(2003) 1, pp. 62-67; Michael Maier-Borst, ”Verletzung des Folterverbots durch
Polizeibeamte,” in Menschenrechte 2004,
Frankfurt/M 2003, p. 264-271.
[11] Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Richter im
Rampenlicht,” 19 February 2003 and ”Urteil im Motassadeq-Prozess,” 20 February
2003.
[12] Thomas Feltes,
”Prognosen sind heikel,” in Frankfurter
Rundschau, 21 July 2003; Jörg Kinzig, ”Verhätnismäßigkeit fraglich,” in Frankfurter Rundschau, 21 July 2003;
Bundesverfassungsgericht, ”Informationen zur mündlichen Verhandlung zur
Sicherungsverwahrung,” press release, 2 October 2003, at http://www.bverfg.de/cgi-bin/link.pl?presse ; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Karlsruhe prüft
Sicherungsverwahrung,” 21 October 2003; Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Eine Prognose mit Langzeitwirkung,” 22 October 2003.
[13] Das Parlament, ”Kontrovers über
nachträgliche Sicherheitsverwahrung,” 24 February 2003; Die Zeit, ”Einschneidende Maßnahmen,” 13 March 2003.
[14] Bund der Strafvollzugsbediensteten
Deutschlands, ”Strafvollzugsbedienstete gehen auf dem Zahnfleisch. BSBD
kritisiert verheerende Arbeitsbedingungen im Strafvollzug,” press release, 16
May 2003, at http://www.bsbd.de; Tagesspiegel, ”Gefängnisse voll: Haft-Rabatt für Straftäter,” 21
August 2003 and ”Mehrere Gefangene in nur einer Zelle?” 27 August 2003; Frankfurter
Rundschau, ”16 Quadratmeter Hannover,” 1 October 2003; Council of Europe, Report to the German Government on the visit
to Germany carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment from 3 to 15 December 2000,
Strasbourg 2003, p. 36, at http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/deu/2003-20-inf-eng.pdf; Senatsverwaltung für Justiz, ”Die
Justizvollzugsanstalten,” at http://www.berlin.de/SenJust/Justizvollzug/ allg_hinweise.html.
[15] Council of Europe, Report to the German Government on the visit to Germany carried out by
the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment from 3 to 15 December 2000, Strasbourg 2003, p.
19-20, at http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/deu/2003-20-inf-eng.pdf.
[16] Tagesspiegel, ”Gefängnisskandal:
Wärter suspendiert,” 23 April 2003.
[17] Tagesspiegel, ”Strafgefangener
nahm sich das Leben,” 25 April 2003; Berliner
Zeitung, ”Gefangener erhängt sich in Vollzugsanstalt,” 5 November 2003.
[18] Berliner Zeitung, ”Ausschuss
will Justizsenatorin vorladen,” 14 August 2003.
[19] Datenschutzzentrum,
”Engagement für mehr Informationsfreiheit in Deutschland,” press release, 16
December 2003; Karin Wenk, ”Bürgerrecht - kein Gnadenrecht,” in ”M” - Menschen machen Medien 11 (2003),
at http://www.verdi.de/0x0ac80f2b_0x00396b8c; Jürgen Kühling, ”Das Ende der Privatheit,” in Grundrechte-Report 2003, Hamburg 2003,
pp. 15-23.
[20] Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Viel
Aufregung um schwache Ergebnisse,” 4 June 2003 and ”Grenzschützer behalten
erweiterte Kontrollrechte,“ 15/16 November 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Kontrollen erlaubt,” 15/16 November 2003,
”Wir haben es mit lauter Biedermännern zu tun,” 1 December 2003 and ”Ein
Schleier über Deutschland,” 16 December 2003; Datenschutz Nachrichten, ”BKA: Rasterfahndung hat nichts gebracht,”
2 (2003).
[21] Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Vom Kursverfall der Pressefreiheit,” 3/4 Mai 2003, ”Mainz schafft
Grundlage für Video-Überwachung,” 25 June 2003 and ”Abhören ohne Verdacht,” 11
December 2003; Frankfurter Rundschau,
”Hessen plant mehr Rechte für Polizei,” 20 November 2003.
[22] Max-Planck-Institut
für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht, Rechtswirklichkeit und Effizienz der Überwachung der Telekommunikation
nach den §§ 100a, 100b StPO und anderer verdeckter Ermittlungsmaßnahmen,
Freiburg i.Br. May 2003, at http://www.bmj.bund.de/images/11600.pdf; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Gutachten zur Telefonüberwachung,” 16 Mai
2003; Bundesbeauftragter für den Datenschutz, Tätigkeitsbericht 2001 und 2002 des Bundesbeauftragten für den
Datenschutz, at http://www.bfd.bund.de/information/19tb0102.pdf; Otto Backes und Cristoph Gusy (eds), Wer kontrolliert die Telephonüberwachung?
Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Richtervorbehalt bei der Telephonüberwachung,
Bielefeld 2003.
[23]
Bundesverfassungsgericht, ”Zur richterlich angeordneten Auskunft über
Verbindungsdaten der Telekommunikation im Rahmen der Strafverfolgung,” press
release, 12 March 2003, at http://www.bverfg.de/cgi-bin/link.pl?presse; Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Polizei darf Telefondaten von Journalisten abfragen,” 13 March
2003.
[24]
Bundesverfassungsgericht, ”Informationen zur mündlichen Verhandlung zum
Verfahren ‘Großer Lauschangriff’,” press release, 6 June 2003, at http://www.bverfg.de/cgi-bin/link.pl?presse; Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Der Staat im Schlafzimmer,” 1 July 2003 and ”Ein einziger Mord
aufgeklärt,” 1 July 2003; Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Der schmale Zipfel des Lauschangriffs,” 2 July 2003.
[25] Bernd Walter,
”Checkliste: Videoüberwachung,” in Deutsches Polizeiblatt 1 (2003), p. 35; Heise Online News, ”Bürgerrechtler gegen
Videoüberwachung,” 6 June 2003, at http://www.heise.de/newsticker/data/anw-06.06.03-004/; Tagesspiegel, ”Union fordert mehr Videoüberwachung,” 6 June 2003
and ”Schily will Bahnhöfe besser überwachen lassen,” 14 June 2003; Berliner Zeitung, ”Leichter Rückgang der
Organisierten Kriminalität,” 24 June 2003; Das
Parlament, ”Videoanlagen an allen gefährdeten Orten,” 7 July 2003; Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Big Brother darf
beim Umziehen nicht zuschauen,” 4 December 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Digitale Dauerfahndung,” 29 December 2003.
[26] European Commission, ”For Diversity - Against
Discrimination: Diamatopoulou acts to boost awareness of new EU
anti-discrimination rules,” press release, 16 June 2003, at http://europa.eu.int/rapid/
start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=IP/03/840|0|AGED&lg=EN&display=; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
”Kampagne gegen Diskriminierung,” 17 June 2003; UN High Commissioner on Human
Rights, “Reporting Status of Treaties. Overdue by Country,” at http://www.unhchr.ch/
TBS/doc.nsf/newhvoverduebycountry?OpenView&Start=63&Count=15Expand=66#66.
[27] Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Struck
entlässt Chef der Eilte-Einheit KSK,” 5 November 2003 and
”Hohmann-Günzel-Affäre,” 6 November 2003; Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Hohmann ist kein Einzelfall,” 6 November 2003; Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Attacke gegen
Muslime,” 8 November 2003.
[28] Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Hat der
Antisemitismus die Mitte erreicht?” 23 December 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Die Hemmschwelle sinkt,” 12 December 2003;
Universität Bielefeld - Institut für interdisziplinäre Konflikt- und
Gewaltforschung, ”Feindselige Mentalitäten in Deutschland,” at http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/Universitaet/Einrichtungen/Zentrale%20Institute/IWT/FWG/Feindseligkeit/Antisemitismus.html.
[29] Frankfurter
Rundschau, ”Jude in Berlin geohrfeigt,” 25 March 2003 and ”Jüdischer
Friedhof in Kassel geschändet,” 19 August 2003; Berliner Zeitung, ”Hetzplakate gegen Juden in KZ-Gedenkstätte,” 30
July 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung,
”Unbekannte zerstören jüdisches Mahnmal,” 10 November 2003 and ”Jüdisches
Denkmal zerstört,” 18 November 2003.
[30] Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Neonazis
planten Bombenanschlag mit TNT,” 11 September 2003, ”Terror der Neonazis,”
13/14 September 2003 and ”SPD-Spitzenkandidat Maget im Visir der Neonazis,” 16
September 2003; Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung, ”Maget im Visir der Rechtsextremisten,” 16 September 2003.
[31] Tagesspiegel, ”Rechtsradikaler
tritt Nigerianer,” 22 July 2003 and ”Mordanklage gegen rechte Schläger,” 27
August 2003; Tageszeitung,
”Mordanklage gegen rechte Schläger,” 27 August 2003; Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Skinheads greifen einen Ausländer an,” 15
September 2003.
[32] Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Ich hab schon einen umgebracht,” 25 October 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Hohe Haftstrafe
für die Peiniger von Marinus S.,” 25/26 October 2003.
[33] Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Alte Kameraden,” 18 March 2003, ”Das große Schweigen in
Karlsruhe,” 18 March 2003 and ”NPD-Verbotsverfahren in Karlsruhe gescheitert,”
19 March 2003; Marek Schauer, ”Zwielichtige Provokateure,” in Grundrechte-Report 2003, Hamburg 2003,
pp. 139-142.
[34] Süddeutsche Zeitung,
”Ausländerhass propagiert,” 25 June 2003 and ”Razzia gegen Neonazis,” 29
October 2003; Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung, ”Kleine Meldungen,” 4 November 2003 and ”Rechtsextreme Musiker
verurteilt,” 23 December 2003.
[35] Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Viel Geld mit wenig Wirkung,” 2
January 2003; Tagesspiegel,
”Miteinander vor dem Aus,” 30 January 2003 and ”Nicht effizient genug,” 9 March
2003; Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Kampf
gegen Rechtsextremismus ist der CDU/CSU keinen Euro wert,” 11 February 2003 and
”Kritiker zweifeln an der Effizienz von Xenos,” 23 April 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Sparen gegen
Rechts,” 3/4 May 2003; Roland Roth, Anke Benack, Bürgernetzwerke gegen Rechts. Evaluierung von Aktionsprogrammen und
Maßnahmen gegen Rechtsextremismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit, Bonn 2003, at
http://www.fes.de/index infoon line.html; cf. http://www.xenos-de.de, http://www.entimon.de and http://www.miteinander-ev.de.
[36] Bundesministerium für
Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, ”Zunahme rechtsextremer Internetseiten
Besorgnis erregend,” press release, 19 May 2003, at http://www.bmfsfj.de/Kategorien/Presse/pressemitteilungen ,did=6226.html; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Mehr rechtsextreme Seiten im
Internet,” 20 May 2003.
[37] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, ”Staatsvertrag mit dem Zentralrat der Juden,”
28 January 2003 and ”Bundestag verurteilt Antisemitismus,” 12 December 2003; Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Jüdische Gemeinde
und christliche Kirche gleichberechtigt,” 28 January 2003; Deutscher Bundestag,
”Antrag: Antisemitismus bekämpfen,” Drucksache 15/2164, 10 December 2003, at http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/15/021/1502164.pdf and ”Antrag: Für eine OSZE-Antisemitismuskonferenz 2004
in Berlin,” Drucksache 15/2166, 10 December 2003, at http://dip.bundestag.de/btd/15/021/1502166.pdf.
[38] Bundesministerium des Inneren, ”Schily:
Asylbewerberzahlen 2003 auf niedrigstem Stand seit 1984,” press release, 16
January 2004, at http://www.bmi.bund.de.
[39] Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Hamburg
will Afghanen abschieben,” 20 November 2003, ”Der Staat will Härte zeigen,” 21
November 2003 and ”Beckstein für schärfere Gesetze,” 22/23 November 2003.
[40] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
”Einigung in der EU über Familienzusammenführung,” 28 February 2003 and ”Kritik
an geplanten EU-Flüchtlingsregeln”, 1 October 2003; Pro Asyl, ”Europäisches
Asylrecht: Deutschland zieht Vorbehalt zur nicht-staatlichen Verfolgung
zurück,” press release, 5 March 2003, at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/mar05.htm and
”Verfassungsminister Schily verhandelt auf EU-Ebene am Grundgesetz vorbei,”
press release, 10 November 2003, at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/nov10.htm; cf. Amnesty International, ”Stellungnahme zum
aktuellen Entwurf einer Richtlinie zur Regelung des Asylverfahrens auf
europäsicher Ebene,” 20 September 2003, at http://www2.amnesty.de/ internet/Gutachte.nsf/
AlleDok/1900CE12BF4B8367C1256E00004F026F?Open and ”Deutsches und europäisches Asylrecht am Scheideweg
- Flüchtlingsschutz europaweit stärken,” press release, 30 September 2003, at http://www2.amnesty.de/C1256A380047FD78/0/FA0D092C3850D2F3C12556DB10030B4C3?Open; Statewatch, ”EU law on aylum procedures: An
assault on human rights?”
[41] Bundesgesetzblatt,
”Gesetz zur Steuerung und Begrenzung der Zuwanderung und zur Regelung des
Aufenthalts und der Integration von Unionsbürgern und Ausländern,” 38 (2002), 25 June 2002, at http://217.160.60.235/BGBL/bgbl1f/BGBL102038s1946.pdf; Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Union lehnt auch Kompromissvorschlag der FDP ab,” 14 March 2003; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
”Verhandlungen zum Einwanderungsgesetz vertagt,” 6 December 2003.
[42] Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Letzter Versuch,” 24 September 2003 and ”Beck fordert Regelung für geduldete Ausländer,” 23 October
2003; Amnesty International, Arbeiterwohlfahrt Bundesverband et al.,
”Gemeinsames Positionspapier zum Entwurf eines Zuwanderungsgesetzes,” 13
February 2003, at http://www2.amnesty.de/internet/Gutachte.nsf/abfa3d9860847807c1256aa3004afabc /7145e3e
053b320c0c1256d3a0030f45c?OpenDocument.
[43] Frankfurter Rundschau, ”Pro Asyl
rügt richterlichen Freibrief zum Aktenfälschen,” 5 September 2003.
[44] Pro Asyl,
”Skandal in rheinland-pfälzischer Abschiebungsbehörde,” press release, 4 August
2003, at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/aug04.htm and ”Skandal in
rheinland-pfälzischer Abschiebungsbehörde,” press release, 15 August 2003, at
http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/aug15.htm.
[45] Amnesty International, Arbeiterwohlfahrt
Bundesverband et al., op.cit.
[46] Frankfurter
Rundschau, ”Erleichterung für Flüchtlinge erwogen,” 14 January 2003;
Amnesty International, Arbeiterwohlfahrt Bundesverband et al., op.cit.; Pro
Asyl, ”Ein ganzes Leben im Flüchtlingslager?” press release, 22 October 2003,
at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/okt22.htm and ”1 November
2003: Zehn Jahre Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz,” press release, 31 October 2003,
at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/okt31.htm.
[47] Amnesty International, Arbeiterwohlfahrt
Bundesverband et al., op.cit.
[48] Pro Asyl,
”Kosovoabschiebung: Absprache mit UNMIK verletzt,” 20 June 2003, at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/jun30.htm.
[49]
Bundesverfassungsgericht, ”Entscheidung vom 24.06.2003,” 2 BVR 685/03, 24 June
2003, at http://www.bverfg.de/cgi-bin/link.pl?entscheidungen; Süddeutsche
Zeitung, ”Abschiebung auch bei Folter Drohung,” 23 July 2003.
[50] Pro Asyl, ”Individual Appeal to United Nations
Committee Against Torture by asylum seeker in Germany declared admissible for
first time,” press release, 12 June 2003, at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/ jun12.htm.
[51] Süddeutsche Zeitung, ”Nicht mehr
heimisch in der Welt,” 6/7 September 2003.
[52] UN
Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding
Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child: Germany, November
1995, at http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CRC.C.15.Add.43.En? OpenDocument; Pro Asyl, ”Weltkindertag am 10. September 2003,”
press release, 18 September 2003, at http://www.proasyl.de/presse03/sep18.htm.
[53] Terre des homme,
”UN-Zusatzprotokoll gegen den Einsatz von Kindersoldaten endlich ratifizieren!”
press release, 24 June 2003, at http://www.oneworldweb.de/tdh/presse/p0178.html and ”Ehemalige Kindersoldaten als Flüchtlinge in
Deutschland,” October 2003, at http://www.oneworldweb.de/tdh/materialien/files/studie_kindersoldaten.pdf; Frankfurter
Rundschau,
”Vom Elend der Kindersoldaten,” 20 November 2003.