Media
contamination with racism
-attitudes towards the Roma minority-
February -
August 2000
This
research is a joint project of the Romani Criss Foundation who established the
database of articles and the Media Monitoring Agency –Academia Catavencu
who processed and analyzed the data.
The present
study addresses a diagnosing of the image of the Roma minority as reflected by
Romanian media. We have therefore monitored 5 national daily publications
(Adevărul, Ziua, România Liberă, Evenimentul Zilei and Naţional)
and a local daily publication (Libertatea), during February – August 2000.
The content analysis of the identified articles was achieved by using a
number of parameters: - the frequency of the presentation of the positive/negative
actions carried out by Roma persons; - the type of reported events: conflicting
events – are such events implying one or more actors facing
contradictory issues; non-conflicting events – are such events
depicting the rendering of an actor who does not influence any other person
(the actor’s positive behavior, the fulfillment of expectations); - the
nature of the events reported. We chose the following classification:
political, economical, social, legal, educational, cultural, criminal,
ethnical, and historical; - the style of the journalistic narration with
respect to the actor. Said style may be: positive – the journalist has a
favorable attitude with respect to the actor; neutral – the article
contains non-biased information; negative – the journalist’s
attitude is directed against the actor. The journalist’s bias was
identified by means of pursuing in the article the density of verbal sintagms
that transmit the journalist’s attitude towards the actor. The
identification of said sintagms, which we call „noises", was
achieved pursuant to a qualitative analysis of the texts of the distributed
materials. „Noises" were considered to be such sintagms that add to
the text information that: 1. do not provide an answer to the 5 questions that
are relevant for articles intended to inform: where, what, when, who, why, how;
2. in relation to the circumstantial context, the „extra" information
conduct value judgments that are relevant for the action’s actors. The
biasing may be therefore measured by means of a quantitative analysis of the
„behavioral noises" included in the article; - the frequency of the stereotypes
used and the racism source, which is the issuer of the stereotype. We also
noted the case when the mention of ethnicity in the article fails to bring in
any additional information (it is irrelevant from the point of view of the
information presented). As far as the racism-generating source is concerned, we
identified three cases:
- The journalist having an
attitude – in which case the journalist uses the stereotype in order
to present a biased attitude in a negative manner. We ascribe the issuance
of the stereotype to the respective newspaper;
- The journalist without
an attitude – the journalist uses the stereotype in the context,
while the source is a different actor. In such circumstance, we deem the
stereotype as having been undertaken.
- Actors involved in the
event.
Data analysis The main actor of our research is the Roma
minority and, during the monitoring period, we pursued the manner in which the
Roma persons are described by the Romanian media.
For the
monitoring period we analyzed 343 articles in 5 national daily publications:
Adevărul, Ziua, România Liberă, Evenimentul Zilei and Naţional
and a local daily publication: Libertatea. The number of articles explicitly
mentioning the actor „Roma persons" is 184 (41.35%) of the total number
of 343. The other articles indirectly refer to the Roma ethnicity (see below).
Articles
referring to Roma – frequency
|
Newspaper |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Adevarul |
22 |
11.96% |
|
Libertatea |
45 |
24.46% |
|
Ziua |
33 |
17.93% |
|
National |
23 |
12.50% |
|
|
20 |
10.87% |
|
Evenimentul
Zilei |
41 |
22.28% |
|
Total |
184 |
41,35% |
As far as the type of the events related is concerned, the conflicting
events are predominant, representing 57.14% while the non-conflicting events
represent 42.86%. As far as the conflicting nature is concerned, the results
indicate a dominance of the conflicts of a criminal nature, representing 31.46%
and the conflict that are economical in nature, representing 17.65%. (see table 1) In correlation with the predominance of the
criminal conflicting events there is also the type of action exercised by Roma
persons. We noted a majority presence of the negative actions (71. 00%) and
only 29.00% positive actions.
|
Type of
action/newspaper |
Positive action |
Negative action |
||
|
Adevarul |
8 |
24.24% |
25 |
75.76% |
|
Libertatea |
16 |
28.57% |
40 |
71.43% |
|
Ziua |
13 |
32.50% |
27 |
67.50% |
|
National |
7 |
28.00% |
18 |
72.00% |
|
|
4 |
14.29% |
24 |
85.71% |
|
Evenimentul Zilei |
19 |
38.78% |
30 |
61.22% |
|
Total |
67 |
29.00% |
164 |
71.00% |
The negative biasing towards the main actor „Roma" is of
31.78% of the total number of references. Only 2.04% of the cases reflect a
positive attitude towards the Roam persons. In addition to the main actor there
is a number of other significant actors, such as „Romanians"- 8.76%,
„Police "- 16.63%, „Government"- 4.72% (see table 2). We also
analyzed the frequency of the following relations as described in the articles:
the Roma - Police and the Roma - Romanians. Said relations usually represent
indicators of a conflict source. The list of stereotypes we excerpted from the
analyzed articles contains 14 stereotypes, 11 of which have a negative
connotation: "the Vienna swans", "offender gypsy",
"violent gypsy", "school dropout", "businessmen
gypsies", "high birth rate", "dirty gypsies",
"gypsy mob", "illiterates", "gypsy law",
"beggars", and 3 have a positive or neutral connotation: "poor
gypsies", "traditionalism" (or "traditions and
customs") and "unemployed gypsies". The negative stereotypes are
the most frequent: "offender gypsies"-33.33%, "violent
gypsies"-38.38%. An extremely low frequency in
comparison with the above is represented by the „traditionalism"
(7.27%), a positive stereotype.
List of
stereotypes identified in articles
|
stereotypes |
frequency |
percentage |
|
the |
2 |
1.82% |
|
offender gypsy |
33 |
30.00% |
|
violent gypsy |
38 |
34.55% |
|
school dropout |
5 |
4.55% |
|
Businessmen gypsies |
4 |
3.64% |
|
high birth rate |
4 |
3.64% |
|
dirty gypsies |
2 |
1.82% |
|
gypsy mob |
7 |
6.36% |
|
Illiterates |
1 |
0.91% |
|
Beggars |
1 |
0.91% |
|
Traditionalism |
8 |
7.27% |
|
poor gypsies |
2 |
1.82% |
|
gypsy law |
2 |
1.82% |
|
Unemployed
gypsies |
1 |
0.91% |
Data
analysis
The schedule
below evidences the fact that the newspaper which employ a speech overflowing
with negative attitude towards the Roma persons are Evenimentul Zilei with
41.67%, Libertatea with 35.37% and România Liberă with 34.21% and the
newspaper with the least negatively biased attitude is the Ziua daily
newspaper.
Negative
attitude in reporting about the Roma minority
|
Newspaper |
Negative attitude -percentage- |
|
Evenimentul
Zilei |
41.67% |
|
Libertatea |
35.37% |
|
|
34.21% |
|
Adevarul |
28.85% |
|
National |
27.66% |
|
Ziua |
17.31% |
|
Total |
31.78% |
We can note
the existence newspapers such as Evenimentul Zilei, Libertatea and România
Liberă, which mostly relate conflicting and newspapers in which the non-conflicting
events are predominant, such as Naţionalul. There is though an equilibrium with respect to the percentage of the
conflicting- non-conflicting events in the Adevarul daily newspaper:
non-conflicting 44.23% and conflicting 55.77% (check below).
Conflicting
vs. non-conflicting events
|
Newspaper |
Non-
conflicting events |
Conflicting
events |
Frequency |
|
Adevarul |
23 |
29 |
52 |
|
44.23% |
55.77% |
|
|
|
Libertatea |
35 |
47 |
82 |
|
42.68% |
57.32% |
|
|
|
Ziua |
22 |
30 |
52 |
|
42.31% |
57.69% |
|
|
|
National |
23 |
24 |
47 |
|
48.94% |
51.06% |
|
|
|
|
16 |
22 |
38 |
|
42.11% |
57.89% |
|
|
|
Evenimentul
Zilei |
28 |
44 |
72 |
|
38.89% |
61.11% |
|
|
|
|
147 |
196 |
343 |
|
Total |
42.86% |
57.14% |
|
conflicting vs. non-conflicting events
Given the
nature of the conflict, the newspapers, which more insistently promote the events
that are criminal in nature, are: Naţionalul 43.75%, România Liberă
35.29% and Libertatea with 31.96%. Adevărul and Ziua evidence an increased
presence of the events of a political and economical nature (see tables 3- 8 in
appendix).
Most of the
actions carried out by Roma persons and related in the analyzed newspapers are
negative. Thusly, România Liberă depicts 85.71% negative actions, followed
by Adevărul and Naţional, while the positive actions regarding Roma
persons are related in Ziua and Evenimentul Zilei.
In the daily
newspapers Libertatea and Evenimentul Zilei, apart from the main actor „Roma
persons", which appears with a frequency of 46.39% and 46.59%,
respectively, other actors, such as the Police, the Government and Romanians
have a relatively reduced frequency of appearance. In the above two daily
newspapers, the actions presented are mostly within the ethnicity or they are
stories regarding the traditions and customs of the ethnicity. A different fact
may be observed in the case of the daily newspapers Adevărul and România
Liberă, where actors such as the Police, the Government and Romanians have
a high frequency of appearance due to the fact that said newspapers depict
inter-ethnical conflict (Romanians- Roma persons) and conflicts with the order
bodies (schedule 9).
|
source of stereotype |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
Adevarul |
13 |
9.85% |
|
Libertatea |
10 |
7.58% |
|
National |
5 |
3.79% |
|
Undertaken |
67 |
50.76% |
|
|
5 |
3.79% |
|
Ziua |
2 |
1.52% |
|
Total |
132 |
|
Source of
stereotypes – newspapers (schedule and diagram)
The above schedule
and diagram focus on the main sources of stereotypes: the newspaper– when
the source of the racism is a journalist with an attitude; other actors
included in the heading „undertaken"- when the journalist evokes
another actor with a racist attitude. Adevarul and Libertatea may be considered
newspapers representing sources of stereotypes.
During our
research we have also approached the image of Roma using a quantitative
analysis of the following morphological elements: verbs, nouns and adjectives.
The two lists of verbs and adjectives/nouns you may find in the appendix
include the most frequent words related with Roma. We can notice the high
frequency use of the following substantives and adjectives: weapons (40-
category which includes: knives, clubs, spears, crowbars, swords, hatchets,
hoes), clan (7), mob (8), thieves (4), gypsy boys (8), robbers (4), robbery
(3), strapping fellows (2). All of these words have a negative connotation and
most of them imply aggressiveness.
The verbs
most frequently used in these articles and common to several of the monitored
newspapers are: to threaten (9), to attack (5), to beat up (5), to steal (13),
to rob (2), to death threaten (3). All of these verbs refer to aggressive,
antisocial actions.
Newspaper
profile
The daily
newspaper Adevărul proves equilibrium with respect to the ration
between conflicting - non-conflicting events, and the nature of the conflict is
mostly economical (27.42%). The dominant stereotype is "violent
gypsies".
Libertatea newspaper is
the leader in presenting conflicting events of a criminal nature. This is the
newspaper with the lowest positive tendency 1.22% and a high frequency of
articles referring to the negative actions performed by the Roma persons. The
articles in Libertatea are generally accompanied by photographs, which
depict the ethnicity in aggressive poses. The dominant stereotypes are
"offender gypsies"-45.45%, "violent gypsies"-36.36%. In
this newspaper, page 3 regarding events is practically dedicated to the Roma
ethnicity. The newspaper also uses plenty of futile mentions regarding ethnic
affiliation.
The Ziua
newspaper presents positive actions performed by the Roma persons, in a
percentage of 32,50%. One of the stereotypes
frequently used is "school dropout" and "gypsy mob". Page
16 is the place where one can most frequently find articles regarding Roma
persons.
The Naţional
newspaper related the most conflicts of a criminal nature 43.75%; there
exists no positive articles regarding this ethnicity, as the tendency of the
newspaper is pronouncedly negative 27.66% and the type of the action performed
by Roma persons is in a percentage of 72%. The dominant stereotype is
"violent gypsy" 54,55%. We must note the
existence of a special heading edited by a journalist under the pseudonym Tache,
which journalist is in charge with the study of especially the
The România
Liberă newspaper is distinguishable by means of the highest percentage
of the negative actions performed by the Roma persons, namely 85.71%. The most
frequent stereotype is "violent gypsy", with 63.64%.
Evenimentul
Zilei relates the most articles, in which the type of the action performed by
the Roma persons is positive in a percentage of 38, 78%. On the other hand, the
most frequent stereotype is "offender gypsy".
Conclusion
The Romanian
media is generally biassed with respect to the Romany ethnicity. The articles
are mostly conflictual and their nature is mainly criminal and economical. The
type of the exercise performed by the Roma persons is negative in all
newspapers. The words by which the Roma persons are identified in the analyzed
articles result in the evidencing of a dominant feature of the Roma minority, namely
aggressivity.
List with
the most frequent verbs associated with the Roma actor
|
Verbs |
Adevarul |
Evenimentul
Zilei |
National |
Libertatea
|
|
Ziua |
Total |
|
threaten |
2 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
2 |
9 |
|
threaten to death |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
|
throw with money |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
throw with things |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
siege |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
attack |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
|
beat up |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
|
pillage |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
slap |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
beg |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
break in |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
demolish |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
devastate |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
destroy |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
beaten up to death |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
deprive |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
burgle |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
steal |
1 |
1 |
3 |
5 |
0 |
2 |
13 |
|
stab |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
curse |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
|
break in |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
rob |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
blow with the fist/throw stones |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
jump at somebody |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
draw |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
plunder |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
throw the knife at somebody |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
beat up |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
sequester |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
housebreak |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
embezzle |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
thrash somebody |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
cut |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
slice someone’s throat |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
kill |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
78 verbs
List with
the most frequent adjectives and nouns associated with the Roma actor
|
Adjectives/Nouns |
Adevarul |
Evenimentul
Zilei |
National |
Libertatea
|
|
Ziua |
Total |
|
Aggressive |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
|
Threats |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
` |
3 |
|
Criminal record |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Side arms |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
5 |
|
Arsenal |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Siege |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Armed robbery |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Balabusta ( |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Barons |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
|
Beating |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
|
Brawler |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
|
Beaten up |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3 |
|
Bâta ( |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
|
Usury |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Chieftain |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Gipsy |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Riddled with small shots |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Clans |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
7 |
|
Cocalari ( |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Shanties |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Colored |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Poor life conditions |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Murderous conflicts |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Knives |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
10 |
|
Pitchfork |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
|
Thefts |
2 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
9 |
|
Hoodlums |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Car thief |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Thieves |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
5 |
|
Shotguns |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Armed |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Brawl |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Dark colored |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Dark fellow |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Offenders |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
|
Stabbed |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
|
Curses |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
|
Bruised |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Robbery |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Robbed |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Spears |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Street fights |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Mob |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
4 |
|
Mobsters |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
|
Strapping fellows |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Poles |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Pimps |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Piranda ( |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Gas pistols |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
The picturesque skirts |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Procuring |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Puradei ( |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
|
Shotguns |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Crowbars |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
|
Revenges |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Account settlements |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Swords |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
9 |
|
Blackmail |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Hoes |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Row |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Spit |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Hatchets |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Gypsy mob head |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
|
Burglars |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Springar ( |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Stabor ( |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Incendiary bottles |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Şuţi ( |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Robbers |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
|
Robbery |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
|
Scandal |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
|
Terror |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Terrorized |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
|
Gypsy children |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Axes |
0 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
7 |
|
Stolen cars dealer |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
|
Violence |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
187
nouns/adjectives
(
Appendix
Table
1 – The nature of the conflict on every newspaper
|
Newspaper/ Conflict |
Adevarul |
Libertatea |
Ziua |
National |
|
Evenimentul Zilei |
Total |
|||||||
|
Political |
10 |
16.13% |
12 |
12.37% |
12 |
20.00% |
11 |
22.92% |
4 |
11.76% |
20 |
22.22% |
69 |
17.65% |
|
Ethnical |
4 |
6.45% |
12 |
12.37% |
14 |
23.33% |
4 |
8.33% |
2 |
5.88% |
14 |
15.56% |
50 |
12.79% |
|
Cultural |
1 |
1.61% |
4 |
4.12% |
1 |
1.67% |
1 |
2.08% |
1 |
2.94% |
5 |
5.56% |
13 |
3.32% |
|
Criminal |
16 |
25.81% |
31 |
31.96% |
20 |
33.33% |
21 |
43.75% |
12 |
35.29% |
23 |
25.56% |
123 |
31.46% |
|
Economical |
17 |
27.42% |
20 |
20.62% |
6 |
10.00% |
2 |
4.17% |
10 |
29.41% |
14 |
15.56% |
69 |
17.65% |
|
Social |
10 |
16.13% |
16 |
16.49% |
6 |
10.00% |
8 |
16.67% |
5 |
14.71% |
12 |
13.33% |
57 |
14.58% |
|
Education |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
|
Legal |
3 |
4.84% |
1 |
1.03% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
0 |
0.00% |
1 |
1.11% |
5 |
1.28% |
|
Historical |
1 |
1.61% |
1 |
1.03% |
1 |
1.67% |
1 |
2.08% |
0 |
0.00% |
1 |
1.11% |
5 |
1.28% |
Table
2 Presence of the main actors in newspapers
|
Newspapers/ actors |
Adevarul |
Libertatea |
Ziua |
National |
Romania Libera |
Evenimentul Zilei |
Total |
|||||||
|
Roma people |
22 |
32.84% |
45 |
46.39% |
33 |
40.74% |
23 |
28.40% |
20 |
38.46% |
41 |
46.59% |
184 |
41.35% |
|
Romanians |
7 |
10.45% |
10 |
10.31% |
5 |
6.17% |
6 |
7.41% |
4 |
7.69% |
7 |
7.95% |
39 |
8.76% |
|
Police |
16 |
23.88% |
11 |
11.34% |
11 |
13.58% |
10 |
12.35% |
14 |
26.92% |
12 |
13.64% |
74 |
16.63% |
|
Government |
1 |
1.49% |
1 |
1.03% |
3 |
3.70% |
1 |
1.23% |
3 |
5.77% |
4 |
4.55% |
21 |
4.72% |
Diagram
2 – Presence of the main actors in newspapers
|
Stereotypes |
Frequency |
Percentage |
|
the
Vienna swans |
2 |
1.82% |
|
offender gypsy
|
33 |
30.00% |
|
violent gypsy
|
38 |
34.55% |
|
school dropout
|
5 |
4.55% |
|
businessmen gypsies
|
4 |
3.64% |
|
high birth rate
|
4 |
3.64% |
|
dirty gypsies
|
2 |
1.82% |
|
gypsy
mob |
7 |
6.36% |
|
illiterates
|
1 |
0.91% |
|
beggars |
1 |
0.91% |
|
traditionalism
|
8 |
7.27% |
|
poor gypsies
|
2 |
1.82% |
|
gypsy
law |
2 |
1.82% |
|
unemployed
gypsies |
1 |
0.91% |
