Session C-Pa 5b

Official Statistics on National Minorities

Milovan ZIVKOVIC

Milutin Prokic

 

Official Statistics on National Minorities

Milovan ZIVKOVIC

Director, Federal Statistical Office

Kneza Milosa 20

PO Box 203

11000 Belgrade, BFR Yugoslavia

T. + 381 11 361 7311  F. + 381 11 361 7311

zivkovic@szs.sv.gov.yu

Milutin PROKIC

Federal Statistical Office

Kneza Milosa 20

PO Box 203

11000 Belgrade, BFR Yugoslavia

T. + 381 11 361 7311  F. + 381 11 361 7311

zivkovic@szs.sv.gov.yu

Abstract

Official Statistics on National Minorities

 

The report covers areas that are the subjects of statistical surveys containing corresponding data on members of different nationalities. Importance of demographic and migrational data has been emphasized although the fund of data on national minorities is much wider.

Official statistics is required to follow legal measures on status of national minorities and endeavours to obtain relevant facts on their position.

FR Yugoslavia has accepted about 1 000 000 refugees and displaced persons from Kosovo and Metohia. Registration of these  persons and gathering the basic data on them was not under the competence of official statistics and that is the reason all the commentaries of these problems are rather discrete.

Living standards decline in last ten years has endangered the members of all nationalities. This report presents only some aspects of acute position and in synthetic way illustrates proportions of the living standards decline.

Resume

Statistiques officielles sur les minorités nationales

 

Le rapport couvre les domaines qui font l'objet d'enquêtes statistiques contenant des données correspondantes sur les membres de différentes nationalités. L'importance des données démographiques et migratoires a été soulignée bien que les données disponibles sur les minorités nationales soient beaucoup plus nombreuses.

Des statistiques officielles sont requises pour suivre les mesures légales sur le statut des minorités nationales et visent à obtenir des faits pertinents sur leur situation.

La République fédérative de Yougoslavie a accepté environ 1 000 000 de réfugiés et déplacé des personnes du Kosovo et de Metohija. L'enregistrement de ces personnes et la collecte des données de base à leur sujet n'étaient pas de la compétence des statistiques officielles et c'est la raison pour laquelle les commentaires sur ces problèmes sont plutôt discrets.

Le déclin du niveau de vie au cours des dix dernières années a mis en danger les membres de toutes nationalités. Ce rapport présente seulement quelques aspects de la gravité de la situation et illustre de manière synthétique l'importance du déclin du niveau de vie.

1. Statistical Evidence on National Minorities

National minorities, a painful question of former and present Yugoslavia, were previously and are presently the dominant factor in dramatic events of the past decade. Quite unexpectedly, inter-ethnical tensions blazed up to such extent that they culminated into open conflicts, which definitely buried any illusions about future cohabitation. Due to that, we who come from these parts, consider even the mention of this topic as injury to the still open wounds.

Dynamism of relations among the nations in Yugoslavia was not only the generator of political tensions, but it overwhelmed almost all spheres of social life in the country. Consequently, it is but logical, that all the motions on social scene had their reflection on statistical investigations in the sense of availability of statistical data on nationalities and their disproportion. The optics through which such investigations were approached was being adapted to the dominant viewpoints of the actual political moment. Official statistics was mainly a catalyst of the previously created attitudes and perceptions about each individual nation and national minority. Certain occasional hesitations in these attitudes resulted in collection of inconsistent and sometimes even controversial data.

One could say that former (second) Yugoslavia (1945-1991) contributed significantly to affirmation of certain nations and national minorities. Liberal ideas about equality of nations and the freedom to manifest ethnic distinctions resulted in the appearance of previously non-existent and unrecognised nations and national minorities.

It should be emphasised that, in former Yugoslavia, concepts like "constitutive" peoples (meaning - nations) and "nationalities" (meaning - national minorities) were in use. Besides Croats, Slovenes and Serbs, for the first time nations like Montenegrins, Macedonians and Muslims cropped up as constitutive nations. Some relatively small groups like Bunjevci, Tzintzars, Ruthenians, Sokci, and Romanies (previous name - Gypsies) were present as well.

The discussions trying to verify whether it was justified to distinguish some of the mentioned ethical communities (some of which frequently changed the declared names) are still going on.

With that respect, the most unusual is the case of Muslims from Bosnia and other parts of the country. Their evolution started with "Muslims - Serbs", "Muslims - Croats" and "Muslims - undecided" (as declared in 1948 Census of Population), through "Yugoslavs - undecided" (1953 Census of population), and finally, the generally accepted "Muslims" (1961 to 1991 Census of Population). The process of re-defining the national identity is still unfinished, since, in the recent period, the latest name for the members of this ethnic community is "Bosniaks", which results in the fact that their religious affiliation is switched by geographical determination.

It is sometimes very difficult to track the continuity of growth and development of certain national groups. Besides the previously mentioned Muslims, another interesting case is that of declared Yugoslavs, the most diffuse and diversified group of persons of various ethnic origin. Originally, this group, that is, the cohort of persons, was born in nationally mixed marriages, and they shared the destiny of political climate in the highest political circles. At the very beginning they symbolised the unity and brotherhood of the new Yugoslavia. In the period when this entity was esteemed with affection and when the manifestation of Yugoslavhood was favoured, many people proved their national generosity and political opportunism by denial of their own ethnic affiliation. At the time when Yugoslavhood was favoured, this group reached the figure of 1 220 000 persons in SFRY (1981). However, when this option started to be condemned as an opportunistic choice, that is, at the time of national euphoria  which overwhelmed the whole country in the early nineties, loyalty to this group was shown by just 273000 people (1971), or somewhat over 700000 persons in 1991.

Considerable oscillations were observed with Romanies (Gypsies), the group which, besides the Albanians, shows the fastest regeneration rate and whose share inexplicably varies from census to census. The members of this group are generally characterised by a specific mimicry, where a considerable number of Romanies classify themselves, by their free will, among the members of the home national group or the largest national group.

The mentioned discrepancies disrupt seriously the knowledge on the exact dimension of other nations and national minorities on the territory of former and present Yugoslavia.

1.1 Territorial Distribution of National Minorities

The official statistics of FRY maintains the previous long standing tradition of collecting data about different national groups. On the basis of Census of population it is possible to follow the territorial distribution of some 30 national communities from 1948 to 1991, up to the level of individual settlements (See table 1 of the Annex).

Vojvodina is nationally the most heterogeneous region, where besides Serbs there are 11 other national minorities with 10 000 inhabitants. In central Serbia the share of Muslims (139 000), Albanians (72 500 enumerated in 1981), Yugoslavs (87 500) and Romanies (70 000) is quite outstanding. In Kosovo and Metohija 1.227 000 Albanians were registered (in 1981) as well as 194 000 Serbs, 58 500 Muslims, 34 000 Romanies, 27 000 Montenegrins etc. (1991 Census of population). In Montenegro, besides 380 000 Montenegrins, live 90 000 Muslims, 57 000 Serbs, 41 000 Albanians, and 26 000 declared as Yugoslavs (1991).

1.2 Tempo of Demographic Renewal

Various other data, which reflect precisely the social status of certain minorities are available as well. According to their importance we would like to point out the data of Demographic statistics which cover reproduction and migrations of population. On the basis of these data it is possible to get an insight on territorial regrouping and fertility dispositions of certain groups. Regional differences, which mainly reflect the ethnical differences in reproductive behaviour, are enormous. In contrast to low-fertility regions of Vojvodina and Central Serbia (with dominant Serbian population), which keep having a negative natural increase, Kosovo and Metohija experienced, in the past 50 years, a demographic explosion of Albanian population. Comparative review of a so-called cumulative fertility indicates that, in case of Hungarians, Croats, Serbs and Yugoslavs the average number of children has radically declined (for example, if the completed fertility of women from 45-49 years of age is observed, the number of live births fell from 4,5 children in 1953 to 1,8 children per one woman. In contrast to them, an average Albanian woman of the same age, was having over 6 children in the same period of time. Thanks to such high reproductive norms of the Albanians, it is reasonable to consider this as a specific demographic expansionism. From 498 000 in 1948, when their share was 68,4% of total population of  Kosovo and Metohija, their number reached 1.227 000 in 1981, when their relative share was 77,4%. This demographic wave swamped the neighbouring areas of Central Serbia  (72,5 thousands in 1981) and Montenegro (40 500 in 1991)  which the Albanians scarcely inhabited before 1948. 

In addition to data on reproduction of the Albanians, it is worth mentioning that the official statistics was in the hands of their representatives, and that statistics of Central Serbia, as a home republic, had no insight into the reliability of the collected statistical material. We point to this fact because the obtained data were so inconsistent, that such headlong growth of the Albanians could be called into question. Namely, it is well known that  former Yugoslavia invested enormous capital in the economic development of the Province, as an insufficiently developed region. A radical switch was made to boost the living standard, employment, education etc., that is, the measures which elsewhere in the world result in the changes of reproductive behaviour. In contrast to this, there were no effects whatsoever in Kosovo, the natural increase was maintained on the level inappropriate for the European countries, but much closer to the African and Asian countries with very high natural increase rates. It is an amazing fact that reproduction rates of the Albanians in Kosovo significantly exceed the reproduction rates of Albanians in FYR Macedonia and Albania. In 1991, when the Census of population was first to be carried out under the competence of the statistical offices of Central Serbia - with participation of the office from this province, the Albanians boycotted the Census. This is one of the rare examples in the world that the members of one national minority disclaimed the rights guaranteed by Constitution.

According to reproduction rate and natural increase, Romanies and Muslims follow closely the Albanians. While in majority of European countries the natural increase is between 2 and 3 persons per 1000 inhabitants, the natural increase of Romanies was in 1990-ties in the vicinity of 20 per thousand, and the natural increase of Muslims was around 16 per thousand.

Hungarians, Croats, Serbs and numerous other ethnical communities living in Vojvodina can't manage even to secure a simple reproduction, so their share in the total population of the country rapidly declines as the years go by. These communities definitely show an unfavourable age structure with dominating older generations, and lessening number of younger ages and children.

1.3 External and Internal Migrations

Migrations in SFR Yugoslavia had a paradoxical tendency. Instead of gravitating towards the economically most developed regions of Slovenia and Croatia, they were expressively ethnocentric. Croats and Serbs moved from Bosnia and Herzegovina to domicile republics, as did the Serbs from Croatia as well. Throughout the continuance of  the second Yugoslavia a massive outflow of Serbs (and Montenegrins) from their own province of Kosovo and Metohija to Central Serbia and Vojvodina was taking place.

Consequently, the 1948 Census of population registered 189 000 Serbs (in FRY) who were born in Croatia and 147000 in B&H. Since that time the process of intensive migration of Serbs to Yugoslavia continued uninterrupted. The 1971 Census of population registered 238 000 Serbs who migrated from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and just in the period from 1961 to 1971 an annual average of 10 000 Serbs migrated to Serbia from this republic. In the same period over 7 000 Serbs migrated to Serbia from Croatia.

Migratory trends were not guided by any legal or political decisions, with the exception of Kosovo and Metohija, where Serbian and Montenegrin refugees, who had left this province during the war (1941-1945), were disallowed to return.

However, no measures were taken to stop or redirect these negative migratory trends towards the regions capable to absorb the surplus labour force from indigent rural areas.

The year 1965 marked the beginning of an intensive emigration of people seeking work abroad. The 1971 Census of population registered 206 000 persons working abroad and  33 000 persons residing abroad. The 1991 Census of population registered 216 000 persons working and 86 500 persons residing abroad. From the data on national composition of emigrants and on the countries where they work and reside it is evident that Serbs favour Switzerland, Germany, France etc., while the Albanians prefer Switzerland, Germany etc.

In the past decade there was an intensive flow of people both to European countries and the overseas countries such as USA, Canada, New Zealand and other. Official statistics was not able to register the number of these departures, since the majority of them was realised in form of temporary departures with tourist visas. Reliable data on external migrations will be obtained in the 2001 Census of population.

1.4 Other Data

In addition to data on territorial distribution and reproduction of certain national minorities, all the previous Censuses of population provided data on native languages as well. The 1953 and 1991 Census of population covered data on religion. On the basis of other data contained in the questionnaire, the following data are available as well: (1) data on age and sex structure of population; (2) data on educational attainment (rank of school), and literacy; (3) data on marital status and marriages with the members of the same or different nationality; (4) data on economic activities, employment and occupations; (5) data on the number of persons working or residing abroad, and the countries in which they work or reside. Data on occupations of persons who support pupils and students.

New software possibilities do not restrict obtainment of any data whatsoever from the abundance of statistical evidences. In principle, the characteristic "nationality" can be linked to any other individual or collective feature. Although particular processing of data on housing conditions, economic strength of the households and similar issues has not been practised so far, it is possible to obtain even these complex indicators of living standard and conditions.

As we previously indicated, statistics regularly follows the most important vital events (with annual periodicity), although the new possibilities for further processing are open in this area as well. For instance, data on infant mortality and suicides are published, while data covering other causes of deaths and hospitalisation are not covered although they are collected.

2. Rights of the National Minorities

Defined as a state of citizens with equal rights, FR Yugoslavia, is by its Constitution obliged to secure the maximal equality of all its citizens. In some paragraphs of the Yugoslav Constitution the equality before the law and equality of rights of all the citizens with respect to nationality, race, language, religion and political beliefs is expressly accentuated. It is unconstitutional and punishable to instigate and incite national, racial, religious and other animosities and intolerance.

Yugoslavia is a signatory of MOR No. 011 Convention on Discrimination in Employment and the International Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

In the areas populated by national minorities the official use of their languages and alphabets is allowed. In like manner the Constitution recognises and guarantees "rights of national minorities to guard, develop and express their  ethnical, cultural, language and other peculiarities, and to use their symbols". The rights of the national minorities are harmonised with international legislation, and the signed international contracts are an integral part of domestic legal system.

From the aspect of proclaimed rights of the national minorities, the paragraphs which mandate protection of personal data are particularly interesting. Namely, each individual has a right to inspect the data collected about himself, to be informed about the manner in which these data were obtained, processed and used. Misuse of individual data is sanctioned by the law. According to constitutional ordinance no one has the right to exert pressure on others to change their authentic national convictions.

National minorities have the right to education and public information in their native languages. Legitimately, the national minorities have the right to establish educational and cultural organisations and associations and the right to political organisation.

For some national minorities, depending on territorial distribution and their share in population, a complete education in native languages has been organised.

In the territory of Kosmet the entire elementary education and 90% of secondary education was organised in Albanian language (in public schools). However, since 1991 the Albanians refused to attend public (state) schools, and they themselves organised schooling independently.

After signing of Agreement on Normalisation of Education  according to the initiative of "3+3" group, the teaching was normalised, all until the NATO aggression.

In Vojvodina, pre-school education of children  aged 3 to 7 years is organised in Hungarian language in 221 educational institutions. In 29 communes elementary education is organised in Hungarian (83 elementary schools and 35 special classes). About 10 000 of secondary-school pupils attend schools in Hungarian language.

Slovaks, Romanians and partly the Ruthenians also have elementary and secondary schools in native languages.

In Central Serbia the special teaching is organised only for children of Bulgarian nationality (in two border communes).

In the public life of the country, depending on financial possibilities, the national minorities organise numerous educational and cultural manifestations and they are very much present in public (informative) media. On political scene of the country the activities of some political parties organised on national grounds are very noticeable. Such form of engagement is especially characteristic for the parties of Hungarians from Vojvodina and the Muslims from South-west Central Serbia.

3. Refugees and Displaces Persons

3.1. Refugees

For the country impoverished by warfare, economic sanctions, destruction of economic system and breakdown of the unique market of former Yugoslavia,  the massive inflow of refugees and displaced persons presents an insurmountable difficulty and burden.

The refugee wave started rolling up with the first conflicts and the first hints of secession, firstly in Slovenia, and later in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In May 1991, the conflict broke out in Croatia, when a huge inflow of refugees was recorded, and in 1992, the same happened with the outbreak of war in West Slavonija. In April 1992 the armed conflicts erupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the columns of refugees started arriving from these parts as well. With the outset of new centres of conflicts in certain parts of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, even those protected by the UN, the new refugees kept coming in. Military operations of Croatian army in May and August 1995 resulted in the most dramatic exodus of Serbian population, when over 180 000 persons sought shelter in Yugoslavia.

The most recent inflow of refugees occurred after the endorsement of Dayton Agreement, after territorial demarcation and transfer of Serbian Sarajevo under the administration of B&H  Federation and other parts inhabited by Serbs. The signing of the Agreement marked the termination of conflicts, but return to the deserted homes did not come to pass. Systematic destruction of houses made it  permanently impossible for many refugees to return to their former homesteads.

According to Survey on Refugees under the guidance of UNHCR, carried out from April to June 1996, a total of 566 275 refugees were registered, out of which 286 682 refugees had come from Bosnia and Herzegovina and 336 999 refugees had come from Croatia. These figures should be added by 79 791 persons imperilled by the war, who, according to UN norms, can not have the status of refugees. These predominantly are the persons who left their residence prior to outbreak of direct warfare. However, the treatment of these persons is not at all different from the treatment of persons with the status of refugees.

From the abundant material of the mentioned research project we would like to mention just data on previous residence, period of arrival to FRY and nationality of the refugees.

 

Table 1. Refugees According to Previous Residence and Period of Arrival

 

 

 

until

1.1.1992.-

1.1.1993.-

1.1.1994.-

1.1.1995.-

1.7.1995.-

1.1.1996.-

No

Total

 

 

31.12.1991.

31.12.1992.

31.12.1993.

31.12.1994.

30.6.1995.

31.12.1995.

9.6.1996.

response

 

 

BHF

5.176

83.521

16.151

13.599

10.252

43.698

28.836

2.343

203.576

BH

RS

2.621

23.692

5.344

3.068

2.091

10.376

2.059

550

49.801

 

BH-TOTAL

7.797

107.213

21.495

16.667

12.343

54.074

30.895

2.893

 253.377

 

Former   UN

26.146

17.242

6.748

4.721

8.795

183.031

10.092

2.656

259.431

Croatia

   sectors

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Croatia-other

9.414

7.651

3.385

2.131

1.202

12.672

1.336

321

38.112

 

Croatia-total

35.560

24.893

10.133

6.852

9.997

195.703

11.428

2.977

 297.543

M a c e d o n i  a

47

198

27

10

17

959

52

12

   1.322

S l o v e n i  a

908

586

194

101

65

1.170

41

103

   3.168

FR Y u g o s l a v i  a

121

98

90

82

68

231

126

133

      949

No response

4,220

875

366

348

214

1.345

479

2.069

   9.916

TOTAL

48.653

133.863

32.305

24.060

22.704

253.482

43.021

8.187

 566.275

STRUCTURE

8,6

23,6

5,7

4,2

4,0

44,8

7,6

1,4

      100

 

It should be noted with respect to these data that only the refugees who wished to be registered were covered by the survey. A considerable number of refugees could not be registered due to various subjective reasons (persons who had already managed to regulate the FRY citizenship, uninformed persons, the persons evading work or military obligation etc.). A considerable number of refugees managed to find solution abroad, which remained absolutely unregistered by any evidence.

Official statistics was not involved in registration of refugees since the full burden of care about refugees was in the competence of Commissariat for Refugees.

The following table presents the ethnic composition of the refugees.

 

Table 2. Refugees According to Previous Residence and Nationality

 

 

 

Serbs

Montenegrins

Croats

Muslims

Yugoslavs

Other

No

TOTAL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

response

 

 

BHF

182.268

3.936

1.479

3.153

4.429

6.510

1.801

203.576

BH

RS

41.820

381

342

2.876

1.549

2.218

615

49.801

 

BH-TOTAL

224.088

4.317

1.821

6.029

5.978

8.728

2.416

253.377

 

Former   UN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Croatia

   sectors

247.542

408

2.059

243

2.032

6.108

1.063

257.665

 

Croatia-other

34.100

734

814

148

680

1.017

595

38.088

Croat-TOTAL

281.642

1.142

2.873

391

2.712

7.125

1.658

297.543

M a c e d o n i  a

1.194

9

8

2

31

78

0

1.322

S l o v e n i  a

2.769

106

19

14

36

209

15

3.168

FR  Y u g o s l a v i  a

842

6

1

30

23

46

1

949

No response

5.411

171

28

143

115

3.952

96

9.916

TOTAL

515.946

5.751

4.750

6.609

8.895

20.138

4.186

566.275

STRUCTURE

91,1

1,0

0,8

1,2

1,6

3,6

0,7

100

 

Over 90% of the refugees are Serbs, while the share of other nationalities is modest. These persons predominantly originate from mixed marriages and they followed the destinations of their families.

One favourable occasion in the dramatic events of the past decade is that the reflex of reciprocity has not been formed in Yugoslavia, since all national minorities enjoyed all civil and other rights. With the exception of some individual mistreatments which were sanctioned, there was no collective or mass abandonment of homesteads by the national minorities (Muslims, Croats and Albanians) at the time when brutal conflicts were taking place in their home republics.

3.2. Displaced Persons

Official statistics also did not participate in registration of displaced persons from Kosmet, since this was the competence of the Commissariat for Refugees. Until present moment over 200 000 displaced persons have been registered, and a detailed survey is currently carried out in order to establish a precise number of these persons, the state of their property etc.

The most intensive departure of people took place during the NATO bombardment (in April and May 1999) and after the endorsement of the Peace Agreement. National composition of the escaped population was very heterogeneous. The most numerous were the Serbs, Romanies, Muslims (especially Goranci), etc.

However, the status of displaced persons is in no way different from the status of refugees, except in that they are the citizens of Serbia and FR Yugoslavia, and with that respect they can not be considered as refugees.

Not until the 2001 Census of Population will the official statistics be in a position to enumerate the refugees and displaced persons, but also all other persons who migrated to FR Yugoslavia either by their free will or under pressure.

4. Standard of Living

In the last decade of this century the general conditions of living in Yugoslavia have deteriorated to such extent that they reached the limits of being absolutely unendurable.

Social product (according to SNA concept) fell from USD 28 390 million in 1990 to USD 18 491 million in 1998. In the same period an average social product per capita fell from USD  2 696 to USD 1 742. An average income was reduced from cca USD 350 in 1990 to just USD 190 in February 2000. One should not forget that in 1990 the official exchange rate and the black market exchange rate were equal, while, in February 2000, the official exchange rate for USD was: 1USD = 12 dinars, and the black market exchange rate for USD is: 1 USD = 44 dinars. Although the real income expressed in consumer goods and services are considerably higher than their nominal amount expressed in convertible currency, the receipts of the average citizens of FRY are insufficient for even the bare necessities of living. Warfare, which by definition, has destructive effects, economic sanctions and the ballast of almost 900 000 refugees and displaced persons shattered with full force the citizens of Yugoslavia. In addition to all these calamities, like a natural disaster of catastrophic magnitude which was to crush into dust and ashes the remaining traces of life, the destructive strength of NATO force hit the country, destroying unselectively all economic and infrastructural objects which this poor nation has been building for over 50 years. Material losses caused by the three months long bombardment can't be solved sooner than in two to three decades of intensive economic growth, which means that the life of ordinary people in this country has been halted and driven back for several decades.

In distressing, even critical conditions for survival of each and every individual, the rights of national minorities have not been aggravated. The right to education, health care, political organisation and other rights are observed, although the level of the state budget, which finances public expenditures, has been drastically reduced.

Aggravation of living standard hit all social layers, and all national minorities alike. However, Serbs, Hungarians, Romanians, Slovaks and other nations and national minorities living in Vojvodina, as relatively the most developed region, are in somewhat better position. Agriculture, the activity which, for decades, was being pushed to the margins of life, became the main source of existence for majority of people. Industrial workers were forced to return to agricultural holdings of their parents and fight for their existence in that manner. Today, pensioners and impoverished urban layers, who hardly manage to survive, are in the worst situation of all.

Economic growth is slowed down, investments and employment possibilities are totally limited. Currently, the utmost efforts are put in reconstruction of devastated objects in order to normalise the transport, energy network and infrastructural objects. Interruption of economic development not only hindered employment of new generations but a bulk of the employed became unneeded.

Due to such situation an immensity of younger generations, with very solid education, see their perspective in leaving the country. This will be an additional loss for development of the country, since the most capable young graduates, whose education was very costly, depart from the country.

 

 

ANNEXES

 

Table 1. Population by Ethnic Nationality, Sex and by Censuses

 

 

1948

1953

1961

1971

1981

1991 1)

 

total 

total

total

male 

total 

male 

total 

male

total 

male

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Total

6 905 155

7 399 027

8 114 121

3 986 711

8 976 195

4 432 944

9 897 986

4 919 067

10 394 026

5 157 120

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Serbs

4 830 437

5 166 803

5 718 773

2 802 878

6 056 323

2 980 447

6 201 562

3 070 588

6 504 048

3 208 302

   Montenegrins

416 869

449 747

488 741

237 602

480 892

236 185

547 954

274 754

519 766

262 635

   Yugoslavs

-

-

21 638

11 413

134 767

66 706

473 184

227 510

349 784

163 132

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Albanians

551 436

588 973

725 575

381 508

1 020 432

532 555

1 340 769

700 814

1 714 768

888 799

   Bulgarians

59 485

60 167

58 533

28 351

54 194

26 845

33 479

17 117

26 922

13 842

   Bunjevci

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

21 434

9 769

   Valachians

93 440

28 047

1 369

547

14 730

6 366

25 597

11 587

17 810

8 323

   Hungarians

433 763

442 098

449 857

212 731

430 610

204 299

390 706

185 963

344 147

163 209

   Macedonians

18 050

27 639

36 881

20 547

43 398

22 271

49 861

24 327

47 118

21 819

   Moslems

17 702

87 505

124 132

62 402

224 566

115 685

293 246

150 960

336 025

172 225

   Romanies

52 343

59 030

10 009

4 949

50 290

25 202

112 430

56 863

143 519

72 681

   Romanians

63 133

59 711

59 513

28 724

57 441

27 882

53 852

25 815

42 364

20 444

   Ruthenians

22 690

23 727

25 685

12 483

20 646

10 044

19 776

9 614

18 099

8 803

   Slovaks

73 144

75 035

77 844

37 368

76 764

36 937

73 240

35 482

66 863

32 083

   Turks

1 916

54 818

46 826

24 061

18 617

9 633

13 957

7 272

11 263

5 890

   Croats

176 672

183 060

207 073

94 898

194 105

87 153

156 272

69 683

111 650

49 180

   Other

94 075

90 626

55 893

23 152

48 341

19 657

47 955

19 047

44 244

18 781

   Non declared

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     and unde-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     fined

-

-

-

-

5 007

2 885

8 135

4 232

11 849

5 924

   Regional

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     affiliation

-

-

-

-

11 613

5 651

8 450

3 524

5 910

2 621

   Unknown

-

2 041

5 779

3 097

33 459

16 541

47 561

23 915

56 443

28 658

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Share in total, %

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Serbs

70.0

69.8

70.5

70.3

67.5

67.2

62.7

62.4

62.6

62.2

   Montenegrins

6.0

6.1

6.0

6.0

5.4

5.3

5.6

5.6

5.0

5.1

   Yugoslavs

-

-

0.3

0.3

1.5

1.5

4.8

4.6

3.4

3.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Albanians

8.0

8.0

8.9

9.6

11.3

12.0

13.5

14.3

16.5

17.2

   Bulgarians

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

   Bunjevci

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

...

0.2

0.2

   Valachians

1.3

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

   Hungarians

6.3

6.0

5.5

5.3

4.8

4.6

3.9

3.8

3.3

3.2

   Macedonians

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

   Moslems

0.3

1.2

1.5

1.6

2.5

2.6

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

   Romanies

0.8

0.8

0.1

0.1

0.6

0.6

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.4

   Romanians

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

   Ruthenians

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

   Slovaks

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

   Turks

0.0

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

   Croats

2.6

2.5

2.6

2.4

2.1

2.0

1.6

1.4

1.1

0.9

   Other

1.4

1.2

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

   Non declared

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   and undefined

-

-

-

-

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

   Regional

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     affiliation

-

-

-

-

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

   Unknown

-

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.6

 

1)  In absence of reliable data for Kosovo and Metohia, data are not available for the total and Albanian population, and the distribution is based on enumerated population..

 

 

 

Table 2. Population by Ethnic Nationality and by Republics

 

 

 1981

 19911)

 

FR

 

S e r b i a

FR

 

S e r b i a

 

Yugo-slavia

Monte-negro

 

all

Central Serbia

Vovjo-dina

Kosovo and Metohia

Yugo-slavia

Monte-negro

 

all

Central Serbia

Vovjo-dina

Kosovo and Metohia

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Total

9 897 986

 584 310

9 313 676

5 694 464

2 034 772

1 584 440

10 394 026

 615 035

9 778 991

5 808 906

2 013 889

1 956 196

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Serbs

6 201 562

19 407

6 182 155

4 865 283

1 107 375

 209 497

6 504 048

57 453

6 446 595

5 108 682

1 143 723

 194 190

  Montenegrins

 547 954

 400 488

 147 466

77 134

43 304

27 028

 519 766

 380 467

 139 299

74 096

44 838

20 365

  Yugoslavs

 473 184

31 243

 441 941

 272 050

 167 215

2 676

 349 784

26 159

 323 625

 145 873

 174 295

3 457

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  Albanians

1 340 769

37 735

1 303 034

72 484

3 814

1 226 736

1 714 768

40 415

1 674 353

75 725

2 556

1 596 072

  Bulgarians

33 479

24

33 455

30 769

2 525

161

26 922

46

26 876

24 335

2 363

178

  Bunjevci

...

...

...

...

..

...

21 434

...

21 434

...

21 434

...

  Valachians

25 597

1

25 596

25 535

57

4

17 810

3

17 807

17 672

132

3

  Hungarians

 390 706

238

 390 468

4 965

 385 356

147

 344 147

205

 343 942

4 309

 339 491

142

  Macedonians

49 861

875

48 986

29 033

18 897

1 056

47 118

1 072

46 046

27 596

17 472

978

  Moslems

 293 246

78 080

 215 166

 151 674

4 930

58 562

 336 025

89 614

 246 411

 174 371

5 851

66 189

  Romanies

 112 430

1 471

 110 959

57 140

19 693

34 126

 143 519

3 282

 140 237

70 126

24 366

45 745

  Romanians

53 852

159

53 693

6 387

47 289

17

42 364

33

42 331

3 507

38 809

15

  Ruthenians

19 776

19

19 757

447

19 305

5

18 099

26

18 073

400

17 652

21

  Slovaks

73 240

33

73 207

3 621

69 549

37

66 863

65

66 798

3 227

63 545

26

  Turks

13 957

67

13 890

1 182

195

12 513

11 263

28

11 235

603

187

10 445

  Croats

 156 272

6 904

 149 368

31 447

 109 203

8 718

 111 650

6 244

 105 406

22 536

74 808

8 062

  Other

47 955

1 325

46 630

17 370

27 873

1 387

44 244

1 906

42 338

15 754

18 944

7 640

  Non declared

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   and unde-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   fined

8 135

301

7 834

4 340

3 361

133

11 849

943

10 906

5 291

5 427

188

  Regional

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    affiliation

8 450

1 602

6 848

4 941

1 643

264

5 910

998

4 912

2 338

2 503

71

  Unknown

47 561

4 338

43 223

38 662

3 188

1 373

56 443

6 076

50 367

32 465

15 493

2 409

 

1) In absence of reliable data for Kosovo and Metohia, data are not available for the total and Albanian population, and the distribution is based on enumerated population..